ADAD1 and cyst: Interestingly, we observed both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of Adad1 in early spermatogonia (1 cell and cyst of up to 4 cells) and in oogonia/oocytes in nests or cysts (Fig 3E–3H and 3M–3P, arrows), whereas later stage germ cells showed primarily cytoplasmic localization.