OVs, especially double-stranded DNA viruses such as vaccinia, serve as excellent platforms to deliver a genetic payload into the tumor; our group has previously used this method to successfully deliver a metabolic modulator (Rivadeneira et al., 2019), and T-VEC is engineered to deliver a payload of GM-CSF into the tumor (Andtbacka et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.