TNF and neoplasm: One reason probably accounting for treatment failure is the upregulation of multiple immune checkpoints such as PD‐1 and PD‐L1, which can be induced by a variety of cytokine secretion under treatment including IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in tumor microenvironment (Garcia‐Diaz et al, 2017; Jiang et al, 2019).