MALAT1 and Parkinson disease: Moreover, animal and cell models of PD provide accumulating evidence that lncRNAs contribute to the following pathological processes that ultimately account for the pathological manifestations and clinical symptoms of PD: (i) protein misfolding and aggregation (e.g. SNHG1, long intergenic noncoding RNA-p21 (lincRNA-p21), HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR)), (ii) mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis (e.g. H19, NEAT1, HAGLR opposite strand (HAGLROS), MALAT1), and (iii) neuroinflammation (involving e.g. GAS5).