Moreover, animal and cell models of PD provide accumulating evidence that lncRNAs contribute to the following pathological processes that ultimately account for the pathological manifestations and clinical symptoms of PD: (i) protein misfolding and aggregation (e.g. SNHG1, long intergenic noncoding RNA-p21 (lincRNA-p21), HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR)), (ii) mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis (e.g. H19, NEAT1, HAGLR opposite strand (HAGLROS), MALAT1), and (iii) neuroinflammation (involving e.g. GAS5). Here, HAGLR is linked to Parkinson disease.