In addition, the significantly lower urine cystatin C concentration in the obese Cod-BB group indicates attenuation of the development of renal dysfunction, since urine cystatin C is a specific marker of tubular dysfunction [50] and is associated with renal dysfunction in patients with obesity [51] and in diabetic Zucker fa/fa rats [52]. The gene discussed is CST3; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.