CD4 and Cowden disease: Earlier studies have shown that soluble caveolin-1-Ig inhibits T cell proliferation and cytokine production in response to recall antigen or alloantigen-presenting cells (APC), and in combination with our study, CAV1 was negatively correlated with memory resting CD4 + T cells, suggesting that CAV1 may be involved in CD progression by inhibiting T cell proliferation52.