IFNG and Cowden disease: It has been demonstrated that the microenvironment of IFN-γ polarizes macrophages and induces intestinal Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) affecting CD fibrosis54, which in addition combined with the positive correlation of IFNG with macrophage M1 in our study may suggest that IFNG could be involved in the pathogenesis of CD through macrophages.