NPPB and myocardial infarction: The cytokine GDF-15, independently of classical cardiovascular risk factors, clinical predictors, number of affected vessels, and other biomarkers (e.g., cardiac troponin I, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], and creatinine clearance), provides prognostic information about ACS, which is a consequence of erosion or rupture of coronary plaques and can lead to recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and/or death [20].