VTCN1 and cancer: In the current study, we found there was a close correlation between LDHA and LDHB expression levels and multiple TIIC subsets, i.e., B cells, cancer-associated fibroblast, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils, and massive immunoinhibitors such as VTCN1 (Figs. 4 and 6).