Moreover, studies have reported that S100A8/A9 is related to the great variety of kidney diseases, including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced AKI, contrast-induced AKI, obstructive and diabetic renal fibrosis, acute urinary tract infection, and glomerulonephritis in different animal models (Dessing et al., 2010; Pepper et al., 2015; Tan et al., 2017; Tammaro et al., 2018; Du et al., 2022; Yao et al., 2022). Here, S100A8 is linked to acute kidney injury.