CD40 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The first clinical trial with therapeutic tolDCs in T1D patients was carried out by Giannoukakis et al. They injected (i.d.)10 million unpulsed genetically engineered tolDCs (DCs treated with antisense oligonucleotides downmodulating the expression of CD40, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory molecules) in T1D patients with insulin-requiring diabetes for at least 5 years between the time of clinical diagnosis and the first tolDCs injection.