TFAM and Parkinson disease: For example, mitochondrial haplogroup U demonstrated a significant protective effect in female PwP of the Cypriot population (74); mutations on mitochondrial DNA (51782A) were lower in male PwP, particularly in younger age groups and provided a protective effect on longevity in Chinese Han, Uygur, and Japanese populations (76–78) while, variants of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) increase the risk of PD in males (75).