TNF and COVID-19: In a more comprehensive analysis by the same group, an immune signature consisting of TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and IL-9 associated with active TB disease/COVID-19 compared to COVID-19 alone, and another signature including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-5, fibroblast growth factor-basic, and GM-CSF, associated with active TB disease/COVID-19 compared to TB alone (14).