TGFB1 and neoplasm: We have previously reported that the NFAT and SMAD signaling pathways triggered by the concomitant engagement of TCR and TGFBR, cooperate to induce CD103 expression in tumor-specific T lymphocytes and in the formation of CD8+ TRM cells in a TGF-β-rich tumor microenvironment (43, 44, 51).