However, there was a positive association between the risk of GDM and pre-pregnancy BMI (OR = 1.284, 95% CI 1.183–1.392), TG (OR = 1.019, 95% CI 1.012–1.025), RC (OR = 1.102, 95% CI 1.067–1.138), ALT (OR = 1.037, 95% CI 1.014–1.061), FPG (OR = 1.072, 95% CI: 1.039–1.106), insulin (OR = 1.123, 95% CI 1.073–1.175), and HOMA-IR (OR = 1.463, 95% CI 1.211–1.766) (all p < 0.05). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.