INS and fatty liver disease: After adjusting for confounding variables, including pre-pregnancy BMI, age, hepatic steatosis, AST, GGT, ALT, FPG, adiponectin, and insulin, the results revealed a positive association between RC (per 5 mg/dL) and GDM in pregnant women (OR = 1.473, 95% CI 1.200–1.809, p < 0.001).