INS and gestational diabetes: After adjusting for confounding variables, including age, pre-pregnancy BMI, AST, GGT, ALT, FPG, adiponectin, and insulin, the findings indicated that RC (per 5 mg/dL) remained positively associated with the risk of GDM in pregnant women (OR = 1.511, 95% CI 1.211–1.885, p < 0.001) (Table 5).