INS and gestational diabetes: Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, after excluding confounding factors, the odds ratios (ORs) along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between these factors and the risk of GDM were as follows: pre-pregnancy BMI (OR = 1.078, 95% CI 0.967–1.202), ALT (OR = 1.034, 95% CI 0.988–1.082), GGT (OR = 0.997, 95% CI 0.955–1.041), FPG (OR = 1.051, 95% CI 0.995–1.111), Insulin (OR = 1.145, 95% CI: 0.923–1.422), HOMA-IR (OR = 0.640, 95% CI 0.267–1.533), and adipokines (OR = 1.000, 95% CI 0.999–1.000).