By using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), they demonstrated that AS1411 specifically bound to the shuttling protein nucleolin, which mediated the translocation of AuNS to the perinuclear region and their interaction with the nuclear envelope, resulting in nuclear deformation and cancer cell apoptosis.379 In another study, a Dox-loaded dual-targeting DNA tetrahedron nanocarrier (MUC1-Td-AS1411) was developed for MUC1-positive breast cancer theranostics. Here, MUC1 is linked to cancer.