TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: There was a slight non-significant reduction in expression levels of TGF-β and FSP-1 from baseline up to 12 weeks (visit 4) after AD-MSCs treatment in PD patients (TGF-β: 1 vs. 0.79, FSP-1: 1 vs. 1.22); however, afterwards, the expression levels of TGF-β increased and reached 1.28 (Figure 4).