TNF and varicocele: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that THSWD treatment of varicocele-associated male infertility disease was mainly through HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Relaxin signaling pathway, endocrine resistance, apoptosis, Estrogen signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway, etc. Previous studies[23] have shown that A plays a regulatory role under hypoxic conditions in tissues and organs by reducing oxygen consumption or increasing the release of NO or other vasodilators.