The levels of cytokines such as IL1a, IFNB1, CD80, CD86, and CXCL10, which are important for inducing an immune response by macrophages within cancer tissue28,29, were upregulated in PBMCs in a RIG-I-dependent manner (Fig. 6d and Supplementary Fig. 5a). Here, IFNB1 is linked to cancer.