Interestingly, at least 40% of IL-1β mice are prone to develop ESCC in all three housing conditions (GF, n = 22; SPF, n = 18; and mixed GF born-SPF, n = 9) at 12-15 M and that approximately 60% (SPF and GF) to 77% (GF born-SPF) of these animals had either esophageal squamous dysplasia and/or ESCC. Here, IL1B is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.