In the ED-L2/Klf4 mice25, the progression of esophageal squamous dysplasia to overt invasive ESCC is much slower and ESCC are typically noted at around 2yrs, unlike our L2-IL-1β model in which ESCC is typically observed at 10–12 months of age. This evidence concerns the gene KLF4 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.