With increasing evidence of the safety and efficacy of immune therapies, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, in the treatment of various malignant tumours, research on the combination of immunotherapy with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and other treatment modalities in HCC is ongoing. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.