Besides these reports, it is known that UBE3A targets cellular and viral proteins responsible for the severe neurodevelopmental disorder, such as AS and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and for the progression of viral diseases caused by the infection of hepatitis C (HCV), human papilloma virus (HPV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), as described below. Here, UBE3A is linked to autism spectrum disorder.