TNF and Alzheimer disease: In the context of AD, some recombinant human epidermal (RHE) models have been specifically designed to mimic FLG deficiency [19, 20], while others use TNF-α or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) alone or in combination with Th2 cytokines to induce AD-like features in RHE models [21, 22].