C. albicans overgrowth, hyphae formation and candidalysin secretion, has been confirmed to play important roles in alcoholic liver disease and ulcerative colitis, one type of inflammatory bowel disease, through enhancing the production of IL-1β (by activating dectin-1/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomes) which aggravates inflammation (Yang et al. 2017; Chu et al. 2020; Li et al. 2022). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and ulcerative colitis.