TNF and atrial fibrillation: Inflammatory markers such as CRP, interleukin (IL)-6, -2, -8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), soluble form suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) have also been associated with AF, AF incidence, and recurrence (6–15).