Research avenues concern new strategies to improve the therapeutic index of this combination including manipulation of the tumor microenvironment, by combining new drugs such as 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibodies or bispecific antibodies targeting both PD-1 and TGF-β, and reflection on the type of RT to be combined with ICIs, mainly techniques enabling high doses to be delivered per fraction such as SBRT or brachytherapy. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.