IL1B and glioblastoma: In contrast, IL-1β also stimulates the p38 MAPK-activated protein kinase 2-human antigen R (HuR), TLR-4, and other inflammatory-associated signaling pathways, which considerably enhance the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in GBM tumor cells, eventually leading to an inflammatory TME in support of GBM invasion and growth (Gurgis et al., 2015).