DNAAF3 and Reduced sperm motility: In order to further confirm that the DNAAF3 mutation leads to flagella axonemal dynein defects in PCD patient with severe asthenozoospermia, we analysed the presence and location of ODA heavy chain protein DNAH5 and IDA light intermediate chain protein DNALI1 in spermatozoa from a control and the PCD patient with DNAAF3 mutation by performing immunofluorescence analyses.