In three different cohorts of males with obesity, Herrero-Aguayo et al. [70] found that circulating miR-4454 levels were increased in obesity, associated with key clinical parameters (such as insulin levels and HOMA-IR), and modulated by obesity-controlling interventions (metformin/statin therapy and bariatric surgery). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.