TNF and malaria: Previous investigations involving meta-analysis demonstrated that a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), are associated with the pathogenesis of malaria [9–15].