Our identification and characterization of Aldh1a1+/Anxa1+, Calb1+ and Vglut2+ subtypes within the SNc, with markedly different responses to acceleration, deceleration, reward and aversive stimuli, warrants a reconsideration of the role of dopamine in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. This evidence concerns the gene CALB1 and Parkinson disease.