For instance, while TGF-β was present in the healthy control and those with NAFLD or HCC, its interaction with the activating receptors Tgfbr1/Tgfbr2 and modulatory receptors Acvr1b/Tgfbr241 was present only in the Ctrl group. Here, TGFBR2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.