GDF15 and Parkinson disease: Genetic mutations leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in PD often show tissue-specific expression patterns, and therefore peripheral blood changes may lack interpretability.232,233 This is supported by a recent study showing negligible diagnostic value for well-established biomarkers of mitochondrial disease such as fibroblast growth factor 21 and growth differentiation factor 15 in reflecting mitochondrial dysfunction in PD patients.226