Therefore, it is clear that the therapeutic combination of CXCR2 inhibition and immune checkpoint immunotherapy overcomes a significant clinical problem faced with anti-PD-1 resistance in NASH-HCC [88] and a phase I/II clinical trial for advanced HCC [89] is currently underway targeting the CXCR2 and PD-L1/PD-1 axes. Here, PDCD1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.