Abundant evidence demonstrates that Nrf2 dysregulation plays an important role in a wide variety of diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, and the role of Nrf2 can be complex in diseases (Cominacini et al., 2015[44]; Dodson et al., 2019[65]; Esteras et al., 2016[70]; Leinonen et al., 2015[155]; Ngo and Duennwald, 2022[192]; Ying et al., 2016[298]). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.