TLR3 and infection: Reduced expression of interferon-responsive genes, IL-6, IL-1, IL-1, CCL5, and TNF-, was evidence that TLR3 signaling was downregulated during a live MPOX infection (Rubins et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2013; Nichols et al., 2017; Suraweera et al., 2020).