Subsequently, comparison of GSVA scores between ENGhigh and ENGlow CAFs revealed enrichment of cancer-promoting signaling pathways in ENGhigh cells, including TGFβ, DNA repair, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-catenin, while cancer-suppressive pathways, such as hypoxia, IL6/JAK/STAT3, TNF-α, and inflammatory response, were enriched in ENGlow cells (Figure 5C). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.