VDR and colorectal carcinoma: VDR expression is the main determinant of cell responsiveness to 1,25(OH)2D3 and is downregulated in a proportion of patients with advanced CRC, implying that these patients would probably not benefit from the anticancer effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 (Ferrer-Mayorga et al., 2017; Larriba and Muñoz, 2005; Pálmer et al., 2004; Peña et al., 2005).