Overall, 9% of the DCM cohort presenting in childhood or adolescence have RAF1 mutations (59) PTPN11 had common echocardiography features characterized by pulmonary valve stenosis, while HCM is characterized by RAF1. RAF1 genotypes were shown as prognostic factors, eliciting multiple interventions that may be required for NS patients with severe pulmonary stenosis or myectomy for HCM (77). Here, RAF1 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.