UCP1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Hence, due to eminent anti-obesity effects of butyrate as well as lack of human clinical trials to evaluate the effects of butyrate in obesity, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation on the expression levels of PGC-1α, PPARα, and UCP1 genes, serum level of GLP-1, metabolic parameters, and anthropometric indices in obese individuals.