TGFB1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Notably, the prominent adherens junction gene increased by POM-NVs was nectin cell adhesion molecule 3 (NECTIN3) (Supplementary Fig. S1B and Supplementary Table S2).These findings indicate that POM-NVs impact multiple signaling pathways, including TGF-β signaling, focal adhesion, and adherens junctions, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects in BPH.