In gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), several pathways previously identified in murine models had significant enriched score: apoptosis (34 pathways, 330 genes), autophagy (1 pathway, 1 gene), atherosclerosis (2 pathways, 69 genes), NF-κB signaling (1 pathway, 25 genes) and TNFα signaling pathway (1 pathway, 20 genes) (Fig. 8D and detailed selected pathways and core enrichment genes in Supplementary data 2). Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.