Immune checkpoint inhibition by the interaction of Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 (PD-1) and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the tumour microenvironment has been shown to impact disease progression in many cancers including oesophageal cancer as well as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) gastric and colorectal cancers [13, 14, 19, 20]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.