CASR and carcinoma: High dietary milk and calcium intakes were reported to be associated with the reduced risk of CRC and EOCRC, possibly due to vitamin D and calcium may activate signaling pathways that are involved in regulating the inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation, induction of target tissue differentiation, regulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression, and induction of carcinoma cell apoptosis via calcium-sensing receptor through promoting of E-cadherin expression, suppressing of β-catenin/T cell factor activation, and activating of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade [33–35].