TNF and subarachnoid hemorrhage: Subcutaneous administration of roflumilast (1 mL saline containing 3% DMSO, 3 mg/kg) decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 levels and the number of apoptotic neurons in the brain following subarachnoid hemorrhage [12].