Moreover, Thrap3 expression was upregulated in NAFLD and showed a significant tendency to increase with the increase in the NAFLD activity score (NAS) in the liver of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) patients (GEO accession GSE135251 and GSE130970)14–16 (Fig. 1d, e, Supplementary Fig. 1a). This evidence concerns the gene THRAP3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.