However, following rIL-18 treatment to GATA1 mice showed induced IL-18 and eosinophils granular protein EPX and profibrotic cytokine TGF-β that confirms rIL-18 has a direct response in promoting EoE pathogenesis in GATA1 mice (Fig. 3e). Here, TGFB1 is linked to eosinophilic esophagitis.