In 2020, Hartzell and colleagues analyzed the inflammatory cytokine patterns of ESRD, CKD patients, and the healthy population, revealing that ESKD patients had significantly higher serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), TNF-α, soluble CD40L (sCD40L), Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-8 (IL-8), Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) than CKD and the healthy population. Here, CCL4 is linked to chronic kidney disease.