TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Addressing whether the clinical treatments that ALS patients received might have mitigated α5 integrin expression, we performed an analysis after subgrouping patients into two treatment groups to compare patients that received no treatment or riluzole only (labeled “Standard” in Fig. 3C), to patients that received drugs such as prednisone, TNF-α, edaravone, antisense oligonucleotide, or mesenchymal stem cell therapy (labeled “Modulatory” in Fig. 3C).