Although various inhibitors/modulators of the ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters have been well characterized, none of these compounds have been approved for cancer, due to limited clinical benefits, toxic effects and problematic adverse drug-drug interactions (Pena-Solorzano et al., 2017; De Vera et al., 2019; Dong et al., 2020; Kukal et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022; Moinul et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene ABCB1 and cancer.