Increased visceral fat accumulation can result in adipose tissue inflammation and adipokine dysregulation (29–33), leading to dyslipidemia, chronic systemic inflammation (31, 34, 35), oxidative stress (29), insulin resistance (31, 36), stimulation of the brain melanocortin system (34, 37), overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system (37–39), overactivation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (40–44), mineralocorticoid receptor activation (45), sodium retention (46, 47), and expansion of the extracellular fluid volume (47–49). Here, REN is linked to metabolic syndrome.